浙江卷C篇第27—30题：阅读理解说明文
〖真题回顾〗
Passage1 2020.1浙江卷C篇第27-30题
Today’s world is not an easy adjustment for young adults. A key skill set for success is persistence (毅力), a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.
BYU professors Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after following 325 American families over several years. And over time, the persistence gained through fathers led to higher achievement in school.
“There are relatively few studies that stress the unique role of fathers,” Padilla-Walker said. “This research also helps to prove that characteristics such as persistence — which can be taught — are key to a child’s life success.” Researchers determined that dads need to practice an “authoritative” parenting style. Authoritative parenting is not authoritarian: rigid, demanding or controlling. Rather, an authoritative parenting style includes some of the following characteristics: children feel warmth and love from their father; responsibility and the reasons behind rules are stressed; children are given an appropriate level of autonomy (自主权).
In the study, about 52 percent of the dads exhibited above-average levels of authoritative parenting. A key finding is that over time, children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop persistence, which leads to better outcomes in school.
This particular study examined 11 to 14-year-olds living in two-parent homes. Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence, which is an avenue of future research. 27. What is special about the BYU professors’ study? A. It centered on fathers’ role in parenting. B. It was based on a number of large families. C. It analyzed different kinds of parenting styles. D. It aimed to improve kids’ achievement in school.
28. What would an authoritative father do when raising his children? A. Ignore their demands. C. Control their behaviors.
B. Make decisions for them. D. Explain the rules to them.
29. Which group can be a focus of future studies according to the researchers?
A. Single parents. C. Authoritarian fathers.
B. Children aged from 11 to 14. D. Mothers in two-parent homes.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Three Characteristics of Authoritative Fathers B. Key Skills for Young Adults to Succeed in Future C. Children Tend to Learn Determination from Father D. Family Relationship Influences School Performance 答案 27.A 28.D 29.A 30.C 解析
这是一篇说明文，主题是探索与发现。研究人员发现，父亲在帮助青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的地位。研究人员认为，父亲们需要采用一种“权威”的养育方式，且一项重要的发现是，随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而在学校取得更好的成绩。 【27题详解】
推理判断题 答案A根据第一段最后一句Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.可知，该大学研究的是父亲在家庭中对孩子毅力品格的养成起着重要作用。故选A项。 【28题详解】
推理判断题 答案D 根据第四段可知，“权威式的”父亲并不专断，而是要让孩子感受到温暖和责任，要强调规则背后的缘由，要给予孩子适当的自主权。故推断出，一个“权威式的”父亲会做的事情是给孩子解释规则。 【29题详解】
事实细节题 答案A 根据最后一段最后一句 … the researchers suggest that single parents …, which is an avenue of future research. 可知，未来研究的方向是单亲父母。 【30题详解】
主旨大意题 答案C文章主要讲述了父亲的行为会影响孩子毅力的养成。故C项Children Tend to learn Determination from Father是文章的最佳标题。
Passage 2 2020.7浙江卷C篇第28-30题
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over
age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests. Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status. “This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. ”
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter’s job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), ” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries. ”
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help. 28. Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests? A. To assess their health status. C. To analyze their personality.
B. To evaluate their work habits. D. To measure their mental ability.
29. How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4? A. By using an expert’s words. C. By referring to another study.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills B. Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs C. Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp D. Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age 【答案】28. D 29. B 30. C 【解析】
这是一篇说明文，主题是探索与发现。《神经病学》杂志发布的一则研究显示，需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。 【28题详解】
细节理解题。答案D 根据第二段第一句“Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered
B. By making a comparison. D. By introducing a concept.
more than 1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.(来自德国莱比锡大学的研究人员召集了1000多名75岁以上的退休老人，并通过一系列的测试对他们的记忆力和思维能力进行了评估。)”可知，科学家让志愿者做测试是为了测试他们的心智能力。故选D项。 【29题详解】
推理判断题。答案B 根据第四段中Francisca Then说的话“This works just like physical exercise,( 这就像体育锻炼一样有效。)”及接下来进一步的解释“长跑后人就会感到痛苦和疲惫，但它确实能强身健体。工作一天下来会感到劳累，但这也使你的大脑处于健康状态”可知，Francisca Then是通过与“身体锻炼”作比较来解释他的发现的。故选B项。 【30题详解】
主旨大意题。答案C第一段“Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age(需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。)”是本文的主题句，结合全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了有挑战性的工作可能会使大脑保持敏捷，所以C项“困难的工作可能有助于大脑保持敏捷”适合作本文标题。故选C项。
Passage3 2021.1 浙江卷卷C篇27-30题
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees (黑猩猩) use to
communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a “vocabulary” of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5,000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
“That’s what’s so amazing about chimp gestures,” she said. “They’re the only thing that looks like human language in that respect.”
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal’s call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signalling: “Climb on me.” The youngster immediately jumps
on to its mother’s back and they travel off together. “The big message from this study is that there is another species (物种) out there that is meaningful in its communication, so that’s not unique to humans,” said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were “a little disappointing”.
“The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions,” she said. “Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains.” 27. What do chimps and humans have in common according to Dr Hobaiter? A. Memorizing specific words. C. Using voices to communicate. 28. What did Dr Shultz think of the study? A. It was well designed but poorly conducted. B. It was a good try but the findings were limited. C. It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable. D. It was a failure but the methods deserved praise.
29. What does the underlined word “gulf” in the last paragraph mean? A. Difference.
B. Conflict.
C. Balance.
D. Connection.
B. Understanding complex information. D. Communicating messages on purpose.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough B. Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills C. Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom D. Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated 答案 27 D 28B 29A 30D 解析
此文时一篇说明文，主题是探索与发现。讲了关于猩猩语言沟通系统的新发现，偏向于定位能力和主旨的考察，上下文猜测词义有一定的难度，总体难度中等。 【27题详解】
答案D 根据人名定位到第二段Only humans and chimps...had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.可见人类和猩猩的相似之处就是有目的的传递信息进行
沟通。故选D。 【28题详解】
答案B 根据人名定位到第六段...the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge...she add the results were “a little disappointing’.可见她认为这个研究丰富了原有的知识，但还是有不足。故选B。 【29题详解】
答案 A 考察结合语境推测词义。上文表达的是目前研究所得的猩猩手势的含义还没有超出已知的其他动物的非声音方式所表达的含义，换句话说接下来的研究需要进一步揭示所存在的不同。故选A。 【30题详解】
答案 D 标题题。结合全文来看都围绕着猩猩的语言沟通系统进行阐述，而不是行为研究学有重大突破、猩猩进化出特殊的沟通技巧、猩猩是动物王国中最聪明的。故选D。
〖命题探究〗
主题为探索与发现的说明文，一般可以归类进入科技说明文一大类里面。这类说明文，对某事物或现象进行研究，得出一些研究成果。说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号(如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。
〖解题秘籍〗
高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。 一、事实细节题
属于细节类型的阅读理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节，题型可以多种多样。此类题型一般分两
种。第一种是直接理解题，在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二种是词义转换题，正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的转换。做此类试题一定要抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局等环节，所选答案一定要符合原文，切不可望文生义。这类题型的主要提问方式常为： ①Which of the following is true/NOT true in the passage?
②Which of the following statements is NOT discussed/mentioned in the passage? ③Which is the right order of the events given in the passage? ④All the following statements are NOT true except .
细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。英语中有许多功能词，如：表因果关系的because, since, as等；表转折关系的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。 二、词义猜测类题型
在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会\"顺藤摸瓜\"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。在阅读解题时要注意从以下七个方面着手： 1）根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义
在be，be called，call等判断词出现的判断句中，或定语从句及标点符号，可以根据已知部分，猜测生词的含义。例如： The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通过理解定语从句的意思，能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。 2）根据对比关系猜测生词的词义
在but，however，yet，otherwise，though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显对比关系，根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。例如： Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和clean意思相对的便是“肮脏的”了，因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是“肮脏的”。 3）通过因果关系猜测词义
because, since与as是连接原因状语从句的从属连词，so是连接表示结果的状语从句的连词，so...that与such...that中的that是连接结果状语从句的。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句子中，通过因果关系，依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。例如：She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根据because从句所讲的意思，我们就可推测trim就是“修剪”之意。
4）根据生活常识猜测词义
运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验及生活常识。再联系上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。例如：Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 根据句子意思及生活经验，wither表示“枯萎”。
5）根据同等关系猜测词义
同等关系，指的是一个词，一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴。明显的标志是，这样的词组或短语中间常常用并列连词and或or来连接。例如： At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 从“年龄42岁”以及与prime具有同等关系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年时期”。
6）根据列举的事例猜测词义
You can take any of the periodicals: “The World of English”. “Foreign Language Teaching in Schools”, or “English Learning”. 从后面列举的例子中，可以猜出periodical是“期刊，杂志”的意思。 7）根据构词法知识猜测词义
根据学过的构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。例如在2006年福建的高考题文章中有这样一句：
The schools are reluctant to take off — even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.
A. Kind B.unwilling C. free D.careless 【解题思路】通过破折号可知正确答案为B. 三、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法： （一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。 （二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，
它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想,作者意图及关键词语，运用联想，比较，归纳，推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划,有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。
〖押题冲关〗
Passage1 厦门外国语学校2021届高三第一次阶段性检测之D篇
While we may think it feels good to complain, complaining has some bad effects associated with it.
Why isn't complaining beneficial? Research shows that it connects our brain with negativity. The brain is designed to work efficiently. This means that when we repeat a thought, negative or positive, the nerve cells form a bridge between each other to pass information in a higher speed. Therefore, the next time we have a similar type of thought, it is more easily passed. This explains why certain thought patterns become habits.
Yet the harmful effects don't stop there. A study shows that complaining causes the hippocampus(海马区), which plays a vital role in problem-solving, to become smaller.
In addition to causing brain damage, complaining also releases a stress hormone: cortisol, a kind of chemical the body produces when we meet with some danger. Constantly having a high level of cortisol results in high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and lower immunity(免疫力).
The ill effects of our complaining aren't just limited to ourselves: they also involve those around us. We tend to mirror the moods of our friends. For this reason, we should be cautious about having stubborn complainers in our circle of companions.
The best way to deal with constant negativity is to develop a sense of gratitude(感恩).Just like complaining acts as a poison, gratitude acts as a medicine. Research shows it lowers cortisol levels by 23 percent, as well as reduces blood pressure and blood sugar. It also decreases tiredness and depression. Gratitude is the perfect cure for complaining, a behavior that steals our brain power, happiness and physical well-being.
What have you observed about the effects of complaining in your own life or in the lives of others? Have you noticed that when you are grateful, you feel better all over? Please share your thoughts in the comments section
below.
1 What do Para 2-3 mainly talk about? A. The diseases caused by complaining. B. The decrease of a vital part of our brain. C. The bad effects of complaining on brain power. D. The reason why certain thought patterns become habits. 2 What can we know about cortisol from the passage? A. Gratitude is an effective cure for Cortisol. B. Our body produce cortisol when we feel exited. C. Cortisol is a chemical that can cause brain damage.
D. Having a high level of cortisol can lead to many health problems. 3. What attitude does the writer take to stubborn complainers? A. Grateful. C. Disapproving.
4. Where can the passage most probably appear? A. In a newspaper. C. On a website.
【答案】1. C 2. D 3. C 4. C 【解析】
这是一篇说明文。一项研究表明，抱怨会导致在解决问题时起重要作用的海马区变小。除了造成大脑损伤，抱怨还会释放一种压力荷尔蒙:皮质醇，持续高水平的皮质醇会导致高血压、高血糖和免疫力下降。处理持续负面情绪的最好方法是培养一种感恩的意识。 【1题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第三段Yet the harmful effects don't stop there. A study shows that complaining causes the hippocampus which plays a vital role in problem-solving, to become smaller.（然而，有害影响还不止于此。一项研究表明，抱怨会导致在解决问题时起重要作用的海马区变小。）以及第二段主要解释了抱怨如何对大脑产生消极影响的。故可知第2-3段主要谈论抱怨对脑力的不良影响。故选C。 【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句Constantly having a high level of cortisol results in high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and lower immunity.（持续高水平的皮质醇会导致高血压、高血糖和免疫力下降。）可知皮质醇水平过高会导致许多健康问题。故选D。
B. In a medical report. D. In a radio program. B. Tolerant. D. Skeptical.
【3题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段最后一句For this reason, we should be cautious about having stubborn complainers in our circle of companions.（基于这个原因，我们应该小心在我们的朋友圈里有固执的抱怨者。）可知作者对于固执抱怨者的态度是不赞成、反对的。故选C。 【4题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一句Please share your thoughts in the comments section below.（请在下面的评论区分享你的想法。）可知文章最有可能是出现在一张网页上。故选C。
Passage 2 2019·河南天一大联考 D篇
You can relax if remembering everything isn't your strong suit. Recent research makes the case that being forgetful can be a strength—in fact, selective memory can even be a sign of stronger intelligence.
Traditional research on memory has focused on the advantages of remembering everything. But looking through years of recent memory data，researchers found that the neurobiology of forgetting can be just as important to our decisionmaking as what our minds choose to remember.
Making intelligent decisions doesn't mean you need to have all the information at hand.It just means you need to hold onto the most valuable information. And that means clearing up space in your memory palace for the most uptodate information on clients and situations. Our brains do this by creating new neurons (神经元) in our hippocampus, which have the power to overwrite (重写) existing memories that are influencing our decision-making.
If you want to increase the number of new neurons in our brain's learning region, try exercising. Some aerobic exercise like jogging, power walking and swimming has been found to increase the number of neurons making important connections in our brains.
When we forget the names of certain clients or details about old jobs, the brain is making a choice that these details don't matter. Although too much forgetfulness can be a cause for concern，the occasional lost detail can be a sign of a perfectly healthy memory system. The researchers found that our brains facilitate decisionmaking by stopping us from focusing too much on unimportant past details.Instead, the brain helps us remember the most important part of a conversation.
We can get blamed for being absentminded when we forget past events in perfect detail. These findings show us that total recall (记忆) can be overvalued. Our brains are working smarter when they aim to remember the right stories, not every story.
5．How can we help our brains produce more neurons? A．By having deep sleep frequently. B．By practicing swimming regularly. C．By doing mental labor repeatedly. D．By learning new skills constantly.
6．Which of the following can best replace “facilitate” underlined in Paragraph 5? A．Postpone. C．Promote.
B．Repeat. D．Abuse.
7．What conclusion can be drawn from the text? A．Memory loss is well worth noticing. B．Decisions can't be made without memories. C．We shouldn't stress total recall too much.
D．Forgetting is even more important than remembering. 答案 5B 6C 7C 解析
【语篇解读】 本文为说明文。最新的研究表明：健忘可能是一种优势，事实上，选择性记忆甚至可能是高智商的标志。
5 B [细节理解题。本题题干意为：我们如何帮助我们的大脑产生更多的神经元？根据文章第四段中的“Some aerobic exercise like jogging，power walking and swimming has been found to increase the number of neurons...(已经发现诸如慢跑、快走、游泳之类的有氧运动可增加神经元的数量……)”可知答案为B项。A：通过时常深度睡眠；C：通过反复做脑力劳动；D：通过不断学习新技能。]
6．C [词义猜测题。本题题干意为：下面哪个词可以最好地替代第五段中的画线词“facilitate”？根据画线词前面的(偶尔忘记细节可能表明记忆系统是非常健康的)可推知画线句应为：研究人员发现我们的大脑通过阻止我们过分关注过去的一些不重要的细节而推动(promote)决策。综上所述，本题答案为C项。A：推迟；B：重复；D：滥用。]
7．C [推理判断题。本题题干意为：我们可从文中得出什么结论？根据题干中的conclusion可推知本题答案区间在最后一段。根据文章最后一段中的“These findings show us that total recall(记忆) can be overvalued.(这些发现向我们表明：完全记忆的能力可能被高估了。)”可知答案为C项(我们不应该太强调完全记忆)。]
Passage 3 常德市第二中学2021届高三开学摸底考试 C篇
We have long known that, for particular skills, people tend to rate themselves incorrectly. In a famous study in 1981, researchers asked people to rate their driving ability. More than 90 percent considered themselves above average. Of course, some people who think they are above average drivers really are. But the 90 percent statistic shows that many people inflate how they compare with others. In fact, only 50 percent of people can rate above average.
So when are people likely to be overconfident in how they rank? And when are they underconfident? Spencer Greenberg of Clear Thinking and his team conducted a study and asked people where they ranked on 100 skills. For each skill, participants were asked how they thought they compared with others on the platform who shared
their age and gender (性别), and lived in their area. If, on average, people thought they could outperform more than 50 percent of others at the task, that suggests systematic overconfidence. If, however, people thought they would outperform less than 50 percent, that's evidence of underconfidence.
There was great variation in how people assessed their relative skills at a task. On average, people rated themselves better than 75 percent of others in their ability to use a computer, for example. But people rated themselves better than only 32 percent of others in their ability to knit (编织) a sweater.
Next, the researchers found that people tend to be overconfident when it comes to tasks that are viewed as easy and underconfident when it comes to tasks that are viewed as hard. People overestimate (高估) how they compare with others in cutting up vegetables but underestimate where they rank in their ability to recite the alphabet backward.
Also, the more experienced people are at a task, the more people tend to be overconfident. People tend to be overconfident in their skill at frying an egg, which most people have done multiple times, and underconfident in their ability to paint a portrait (画像), which most people have rarely tried. 8. What does the underlined word “inflate” in Paragraph 1 mean? A. Overstate. C. Reconsider.
B. Imagine. D. Evaluate.
9. What percentage of people do the participants think they can beat at computer operation? A. 32%. C. 75%.
B. 50%. D. 90%.
10. In which skill do many participants rate themselves better than others? A. Knitting a sweater. C. Cutting up vegetables.
B. Painting a portrait.
D. Reciting the alphabet backward.
11. What might happen as people gain experience of a thing? A. They tend to lose interest in it. B. Their skill increases at a rapid pace. C. They want to try more challenging things. D. Their confidence rises faster than their skill.
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. C 11. D 【解析】
这是一篇说明文。研究表明，在某些方面，人们会高估自己的技能；在某些方面，人们会低估自己的技
能。 【8题详解】
词义猜测题。根据划线词上文中的More than 90 percent considered themselves above average.及下文中的In fact, only 50 percent of people can rate above average.可知，在开车技术方面，当与他人作比较时，有90%的人认为自己比平均水平高，但事实上，只有50%的人高于平均水平，由此可推断出很多人会“夸大”自己的能力。画线词所在句意为：但90%的统计数据显示，许多人_____自己与他人的比较。Overstate意为“夸大”，符合上下文语境，当自己与他人比较时，许多人夸大了自己的能力。故选A项。 【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的On average, people rated themselves better than 75 percent of others in their ability to use a computer, for example.可知，当被问及电脑操作的能力时，人们会认为他们比75%的人都强。由此可推断出，参与调查的人认为他们在电脑操作方面可以击败75%的人。故选C项。 【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的People overestimate (高估) how they compare with others in cutting up vegetables可知，当就切菜和他人作比较时，人们往往会高估自己的能力。由此可推断出，在切菜方面，很多参与者认为自己的水平比其他人要好。故选C项。 【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的Also, the more experienced people are at a task, the more people tend to be overconfident.可知，人们在一项事物方面越有经验就会越过于自信。由此可推断出，当人们对一件事获得经验时，他们的自信心增长的速度比他们技能增长的速度要快。故选D
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容