语法复习
第一篇 一 结构
条件从句 主句 与现实相反
were/did should(would) do 与过去相反
had p.p should(would) have done
与将来相反
were/did should(would) do 二 特殊用法
1. 省略从句或主句的虚拟结构 A. 省略条件从句
e.g: That would be fine. (if you should do it)
e.g: I would not have done it. (if I
虚拟语气
were you) B. 省略主句
e.g: If only I could help. e.g: If only he were here. E.G: If only he had not left. 注：if only……用虚拟语气 2. 省掉if的条件从句
E.G: Should he come, tell him to ring me up.
E.G: Were I in your position, I would go.
E.G: Had they not helped us, our experiment would have failed.
3. 有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用介词短语来表示
E.G: We could not have done the work well without your help.
E.G: All this would have been impossible in the old society.
4. 混合虚拟语气：有时条件从句中的动作和结构与主句中的动作发生的时间不一致，这时， 动词的形式应根据他所表示的时间加以调整。
E.G: If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now.
E.G: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.
二 虚拟语气用在宾语从句或同位语从句中。在动词demand, suggest, insist, propose, recommend等后的宾语从句用动词原型，在这些动词的名词形式如proposal, suggestion等够的同位语从句也用动词原型。
注：wish 后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气，他的时态可以分以下几种情况： 表示与现在事实相反用一般过去时 E.G: How I wish I had a memory as good as yours.
表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
E.G: I wish I could have slept longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
表示和将来相反的情况用would/might do
E.G: How I wish you would be able to come here for another visit.
注：would rather后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气，如果表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，否则用
一般过去时。
E.G: The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office.
四 虚拟语气用在状语从句中 由as if 或as though所引导的状语从句中表示比较或方式，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气，动词形式用were或had done; 在lest 或in case引导的状语从句中，谓语用虚拟，动词形式用动词原型。
E.G: You speak as if you had really been there.
E.G: It looks as if it might rain. 五 在it is time(high time) that句型中，动词用一般过去时。 E.G: It is time we left.
E.G: It is time we went to bed.
Test Yourself
1.Wouldn’t you rather your child--- to bed early?
A. go B. went C. would go D. goes
2. Mike’s uncle insists--- in this hotel.
A. staying B. not to stay C. that he would not stay D. that he not stay
3.Sometimes I wish I--- in a different time and a different place. A. be living B. were living C.
would live D. would have lived
4.It is essential that these application forms—back as early as possible.
A. must be sent B. will be sent
C. are sent D. be sent
5. It is recommended that the project--- until all the preparations have been made. A. is not started B, will not be started C. not be started D. is not be started
6. We are all for your proposal that the discussion__.
A. be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to be put off
7. The suggestion that the mayor--- the prizes was accepted by everyone.
A. would present B. present C. presents D. ought to present
8. It’s already 5 o’clock now. Don’t you think it is time---?
A. we are going home B. we go home C. we went home D.
we can go home
9. As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures--- for our defense.
A. had been taken B. would be taken C. be taken D. to be taken
10. If only committee--- the regulations and put them into effects as possible.
A. approve B. will approve C. can approve D. would approve
第二篇 非谓语
一 动名词：在句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语，不能作状语。
a) 作主语
e.g.: Seeing is believing.
b) 作表语
E.G: His hobby is collecting
stamps. c) 作宾语
E.G: Our factory succeeded in making many new products. d) 作定语
E.G: The factory built swimming pool last spring. 动名词的否定式：not+doing
a
e.g: He hated himself for not having worked hard.
动名词的复合结构：物主代词或名词所有格＋动名词
e.g: Please excuse my interrupting you.
e.g: We are looking forward to the expert’s coming to speak to us.
动名词的时态 一般时 doing
完成时 having done
e.g: Children enjoy watching color TV.
e.g: I regret having been unable to write to you earlier. 动名词的被动语态 一般时 being done 完成时 having been done e.g: This picture shows a child worker being beaten by the boss. e.g: The meeting was put off without his having been consulted.
注：在be busy, be no use, be worth, look forward to, avoid, objects, feel like, consider, mind, finish, put off, give up, practice, enjoy, insist on 等后用动名词。
二 现在分词：在句中作定语，状语，表语，既表示主动，又表示
动作正在进行。 一般时 完成时
doing
having done( 表主动，但动作刚完成)
e.g: Knowing that they were going to the factory next week, the students began to make preparations.
E.G: Having done his homework, the schoolboy began to write his diary.
现在分词的被动语态 一般时 完成时
being done having been done
E.G: This is one of the many dams being built on the river.
E.G: Having been asked to stay, I couldn’t very well leave.
三 过去分词： 在句中作定语，表语，状语，既表示被动，又表示动作已完成。 一般时
done
四 动词不定式：表示动作将要去做，表主动。 一般时 完成时
to do to have done
EG: I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
EG: This bridge is said to have been destroyed in a battle during World War Ⅱ.
动词不定式的被动语态 一般时 完成时
to be done to have been done
EG: The next thing to be done is to carry away the earth.
E.G: We were glad to have been given such a warm welcome.
注：在
need, be glad, be said, appear, seem, ask,
demand, wish, be sufficient, be certain, be ready, be easy, be eager, be sorry, be sure, be anxious, be willing, be pleased, persuade, order, like, tell, call on, promise, agree, manage, pretend, mean, expect,
decide, forbid等后用动词不定式。
在make, let, see, feel, watch, hear, have, help等后用动词原型。
五 独立主格结构： 名词＋非谓语＋其它，在句中作状语，表伴随。
EG: The question being settled, we wound up the meeting.
eg: Weather permitting, the picnic will be held as planned.
注：与分词作 状语的区别：分词作状语时，他逻辑上的主语是主句的主语，因此，他是被动还是主动要依据主句的主语是施动者还
是受动者；而独立主格结构有自己的主语，他用现在分词还是过去分词依据自己的主语，和主句的主语无关。
Test Yourself
1 I don’t mind--- the decision as long as it is not too late.
A. you to delay making
B. your delaying making C. your delaying to making D. you delay to make
2. Had I remembered--- the windows, the thief would not have got in.
A to close B closing C to have closed D having closed
3 Your hair wants--- . You’d better have it done tomorrow.
A cut B to cut C cutting D being cut
4 The project--- by the end of 2000, will expand the city’s telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users. A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished 5 If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one--- .
A. to correct B. correcting C. having been corrected D.
being corrected
6. The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds--- his arguments in favor of the new theory.
A to be based on B be base on C. which
to base on D. on which to base
7. --- the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being
believed
8 --- a teacher in an university, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree.
A. To become B. Become C. one
becomes D. One becoming
9. Realizing that he hadn’t enough money and ---- to borrow from his father, he decided to dell his watch. A not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not
11. They are going to have the service man --- an electric fan in the office tomorrow.
A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed
12. The speech---, a lively discussion started.
A. being delivered B. was delivered C. be delivered D. having been delivered
13. All things---, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered
14．He insisted on the window’s____ open while he was sleeping.
A. left B. being left C. leaving D. be left
15. The project____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city’s telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.
A. accomplished B. being accomplished D. having been accomplished
16. ____ in this way, the situation doesn’t seem so disappointing.
A. To look at B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at 第三篇 复合时态
1. 过去将来进行时: 表示在对过去
某一时间而言的将来某一时刻或某一时间段正在进行的动作,一般用在表示过去的宾语从句中: should (would) be doing
Eg: He asked me what I should be doing at ten the next day.
Eg: They said that they would be expecting us the next week.
2. 将来完成时：表示在将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作：will(shall) have done
Eg: By the end of this month, we shall have studied ten lessons.
Eg: By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machines.
3. 现在完成进行时：表示动作从过
去某一时间开始一直延续到现
在。现在这个动作可能已经终止，也可能仍然在进行：have been doing
Eg: It has been raining for three hours. Eg: She has been learning her lessons since morning. 注：现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别：现在完成时所表示的动作到现在为止已经完成；现在完成进行时往往表示动作仍然在继续下去。
Eg: I have read A Madman’s Daily this week. (本周我读了狂人日记)
Eg: I have been reading Lu Xun this week.（本周我一直在读鲁迅） 注：现在完成时的被动语态：have been done
现在分词的被动语态：having
been done
4. 过去完成进行时：表动作在过去
某一个时间之前开始并延续到过去这个时间，并还将延续下去，一般用于表示过去时的不宾语从句中：had been doing
Eg: He told me that he had been waiting for me for two hours.
Eg: By the time Shanhai was liberated, he had been working in factory for ten years. 注：过去完成时的被动语态：had been done
Test yourself
1. My train arrives in New York at eight o’clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there____ by then.
A. would leave B. will have left
C. has left D. had left
2. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ___too long. A. has been reading B. had read
C. is reading D. read
3. “May I speak to your manager Mr Williams at five o’clock tonight?” “I am sorry. Mr. Williams____ to a conference long before then.”
A. will have gone B. had gone
C. would have gone D. has gone
4. Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
A. are to challenge B. may be
challenged C. have been challenged D. are challenged
5. Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it ___ necessary for all planes to land for refueling.
A. would be B. has been C. had been. D. would have been
6. Until then, his family ___ from him for six months.
A. didn’t hear B. hasn’t been
hearing D. hasn’t heard D. hadn’t heard
7. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you ___ advertisements showing happy, balanced families.
A. are often seeing B. often see
C. will often see D. have often seen
8. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television___ the newspaper completely.
A. replaced B. have replaced
C. replace D. will replace
9. If she doesn’t tell him the truth now,
he’ll simply keep on asking her until she ___
A. does B. has done C. will do D. would do
第四篇 特殊情态动词
1. could+have+done: 表示过去可能，可以，而实际没有
eg: It couldn’t have been Lao Zhang. He has gone to the factory. （不可能是老张，他已经不在工厂了。）
eg: You could have done the work better. （你本来可以做的更好的。） 2. should+have+done: 表示过去应该完成而未完成的事情）
eg: You should have stopped at the light.
Eg: You should have come earlier. 3. must+have+done: 表示过去发生
的事情较为肯定的推测）
eg: She must have studied English before, for she speaks fluently.
Eg: he must have been in the countryside for some time, for he knows so much about farm work.
注：must be是表示对现在发生的事情较为肯定的推测
4. needn’t+have+done: 表示过去已做了但无须做的事情或动作 eg: You needn’t have watered the vegetables, as it is going to rain.
Eg: You needn’t have brought your umbrella. We are going by taxi. Test yourself
1. he didn’t take part in the
competition, he____ though.
A. won B. didn’t win C. could win D. could have won
2. You____ . There was plenty of
time.
A. needn’t hurry B. can’t hurry C. mustn’t have hurried D. needn’t have hurried
3. You___ him so closely; you
should have kept your distance. A. shouldn’t follow B. mustn’t
follow. C. couldn’t have been following D. shouldn’t have been following
4. You___ even though you were
busy at that time.
A. might help B. must have helped him C. might have helped him D. should help him
5. You___ me earlier. I could have
helped you.
A. should tell me B. should have told C. need to tell D. needn’t have told
第五篇 从句
名词从句
一 主语从句
That the moon moves round the earth is
well known to all of us.
what they are after is profit.
when the meeting is to be held has not yet been decided. whether she will join us won’t make too much difference.
which way is more effective is still a question.
按照英语的习惯，
有些句子可以把it放在句
首，作形式主语，而将主语从句放在后面。例如
It is
well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth.
it has not yet been decided when the meeting is to be held.
it won’t make too much difference whether she will join us. 二 宾语从句
We know that a parrot can’t really speak. He wants to tell us what he thinks. A little observation will
show how the
temperature changes.
Up to now we can’t say whether his theory can stand the test.
She asked the teacher why some words were
hard to remember.
There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.
三 表语从句
One idea
is that fish is the best brain
food.
My question is how information is stored in the long-term memory.
This was just when our company was being formed.
That’s why we decided to put the discussion off.
Raw material is what we are badly in need of. China is not what it used to be.
四
同位语从句
belief, doubt, evidence,
主句中有些比较抽象的名词，如
idea, fact, hope, possibility, thought等，可以用that引出的从句作同位语
There is no doubt that a large number of people
benefit from heart surgery.
I have an idea that parents should monitor the kind
of television their children watch.
Is there any proof that the food of the plant differs from that of animals?
that some British customers will visit our company.
We all know the fact that organization helps memorization. TEST
1. The problem is___ it may take time for new facts to become available.
A. that B. how C. what D. if 2. Now you can see ____ you should
There is the news
consult the dictionary last, not first.
A. which B. what C. why D. how
3 For thousands of years man dreamed ______ seemed impossible dreams about flying.
A what B that C. which D. why 4. Man made use of the fact _____ hot air rises to make a balloon carry people up a short distance above the ground. A. why B. how C. where D. that 5. This is ____ good reading habits are not only an important study skill for the student, but also an important life skill for anyone.
A. that B. why C. where D. when 6. Because of his degree. He refused to do ____ he thought low work.
A. that B. what C. which D. who 7. She hasn’t decided with ---- she should first make contact.
A. who B. whom C. how D. which 8. That is ______ we differ.
A. that B. where C. what D. whether
9. It doesn’t seem likely ____ she will be here.
A. that B. how C. what D. who 10. The fact remains ____ we are behind many others.
A. that B. why C. where D. how 五．定语从句
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词的后面。 1. 关系代词引出的定语从句
There are many sounds which (that) have a meaning and yet are not words.
Some people who are successful language learner often fail in others
fields.
Here is the man whom you’ve been looking for.
How many students are there in your class whose parents serve in the government agencies?
2. 关系副词引出的定语从句 关系副词when, where, why 等引起的定语从句。
At the time when I saw him, he was well.
This is the place where the accident took place last night.
That is the reason why I am not in favor of your plan.
3. 介词＋which(whom)引出的定语从句
There are scientific ways in which man solves problems.
The girl to whom you spoke is my sister. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
4. 非限定性定语从句：从句对先行词的附加说明。
Steel, which has many useful properties, is widely used in the machine-building industry.
Mr. Brown, who just came from Britain yesterday, will teach us accounting this term.
She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan, where she has some relatives.
5. as 引出的定语从句：such…as 和same…as
such people as you describe are rare nowadays.
Let us discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us.
I feel just the same as you do.
My stand on this problem is just the same as it was for years ago.
6. 关系代词that 与which 的比
较。
在下类情况一般用that引出定语从句 先行词为序数词或形容词最高级
The first thing (that) we should do is to work out a plan.
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little 等不定代词时。
Is there anything that I can do for you? He told me something I had never heard of.
定语从句考点：in which vs where
限定性和非限定性
介词＋which
句子的成分分析 Test
1. Please write a report ____ the above subjects are to be covered. A. which B. in which C. that D. in that
2. The discount houses were first established in that period of time ____ people’s purchasing power was low. A. which B. that C. when D. where 3. The shops offer almost everything ____ ranges from inexpensive to very expensive.
a. that b. which c. who d. in which 4. With manners, the best rule is the one ___ works.
A who b that c. it D. when
5. They are not aware of the reasons ___ people are unwilling to discuss insurance. A. when B. where C. why D. how
6．Money is anything _____ is generally accepted as payment in exchange for goods or services.
a. that b. which c. who d. whom 7．There are many children and adolescents ____ behavior is generally unacceptable.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. that 8. In one country which I visited ____ the climate is very hot all the year round, people hardly wear any clothes at all. A. that B. which C. that D. where 9. He sent her a letter, ____ he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her. A. which B. in which C. that D. whom
10. The four travelers ____ I shared the room were pleasant people.
A. who B. whom C. from D. with whom
定语从句表达的完整性
Some people who are good at language learning…
Steel, which has many useful properties… This is one of the most exciting football games…
I feel just the same… 定语从句的连贯性
She lives in a house, its’door and windows are broken.
Here is the man. You’ve been looking for. There are scientific ways. They can solves problems.
There are many sounds. They have a meaning and yet are not words.
六 状语从句 一．时间状语从句
由when, whenever, as, while, before, after, since, as soon as,
until, once 等引导的从句。如果主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在
时。
I will discuss this
with you when we meet.
Come and see me whenever you want to. We must strike while the iron is hot.
I watched her until she disappeared from sight in the distance.
As he was making his experiments, he observed this physical phenomenon.. You haven’t changed much since we met last year.
I’ll send you the sample as soon as it is made ready.
时间状语从句还可由一些名词（the moment, the instant, every time 等）连接。
I’ll telephone you the instant I know. Every time I catch a cold, my nose runs. 二 地点状语从句
由Where wherever 来引导
You have the right to live where you
want.
My home town lies where the two rivers meet.
Wherever you go you will see great changes that have taken place in that city.
三．原因状语从句
由because, as, since, now that, not that…but that 来引导
She has just missed her bus because the timetable has changed.
As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain. (引导从句往往放在主句的前面)
Since he is busy, I won’t trouble him. Now that all are present, let’s start the discussion.
He felt a bit worried, not that his students were not working hard, but that
they cared little for their health. 四． 目的状语从句
有that, so that, in order that, least（以免，以防）
They set out early that they might arrive at the station in good time.
Let’s take the front seats so that we can see more clearly.
We sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach them in time.
We must hurry off lest we should miss the bus.
五．结果状语从句
由that(结果，以致), so that, so…that, such…that引导。
The weather was bad for some weeks, so that progress with the building of the power station slowed down.
The problem is so complicated that it
will take us much time to work it out. The aircraft was flying at such a high altitude that we could hardly see it. .
六．条件状语从句
由if, unless, suppose, provided, providing, on condition that, as(so) long as, in case引导。
If you want something done in a hurry, don’t go to the man who has clearly not much to do.
I shall return on Thursday unless something unexpected happens.
Suppose we can’t get the necessary data, what shall we do?
We’ll let you use the room provided you keep it clean and tidy,
You can go out as long as you promise to be back before 11 0’clock.
Send me a message in case you have any
difficulty.
I’ll lend you my computer on condition that you keep it in good shape. 七．比较状语从句
由as…as , than, not so… as, the…the…, as…so…（正如…那样）引导。
He worked as fast as a skilled worker. The project was completed earlier than we had expected.
She didn’t work as hard as her sister. The sooner, the better. 八．方式状语从句
由as（像，如同），as if (though)引导。连接的从句中谓语动词可以用陈述语气，也可以用虚拟语气。
Please state the facts as they are. Just do as I am doing.
It looks as it’s going to rain.
She closed her eyes as though she was sleeping.
I remember the thing as if it happened yesterday.
九．让步状语从句
由although, as(尽管，虽然)，even if, however，whatever,
no
matter,
whether…or来引导。
I haven’t checked the information, though I think it is correct.
I must solve the problem whether it takes me an hour or a day.
Even if our car can go 100 miles an hour, we can’t get there by ten.
Try as I might, I couldn’t lift the stone. He keeps on with his physical training in the winter no matter how cold it is. Whatever you say she never listens.
However hard he tries, he never seems
able to do the word satisfactorily. Test Yourself
1. ---- many people benefit from heart surgery, it has some clear disadvantage.
A. If B. Although C. As D.
Provided
2. The difference between the two legs may be so small ___ no one is aware of it.
A. as B. if C. that D. such
3. Small ___ as it is, an atom can still be seen.
A. that B. as C. so D. where 4. Dinner was ready ____ he came home.
A. when B. where C. though D. however.
5. The children stay in the nuclear family ___ they grow up and marry.
A. because B. although C. until
D. so that
6. The rocks are carefully crushed ____ the diamonds are not destroyed.
A. even if B. no matter C. as if D. so that
7. ____ accident, illness, and death are not pleasant subjects, each of us knows we face these possibilities.
A. As B. Because C. When D. Although
8. Our bodies are built in ____ a way that the weight of all the air does not crush us.
A. such B. so C. as D. that 9. Animals learn about things by their senses ____ we do.
A. since B. because C. as D.
until
10. _____ the beaver was let out, he began to exercise his building
instinct.
A. As soon as B. Even if C.
Provided D. In case
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