英语语法之句子成分及句子结构
一、句子成分
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语）。即：句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语和同位语 1 . 主语（subject)
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 找出句中主语
The sun rises in the east. 名词 Twenty years is a short time in history. 数词 The poor are now living in the shelter.名词化的形容词 Seeing is believing. 动名词 To see is to believe. 不定式 He likes dancing. 代词
What he needs is a book. 句子（主从） It is necessary to master a foreign language.
2谓语：:说明主语的动作、状态和特征；动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。 （1） 简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成
I saw the flag on the top of the hill. He looked after two orphans. （2） 复合谓语 由情态动词或助动词+动词;
He can speak English well. She doesn’t seem to like dancing
3宾语：动作的对象或承受者——及物动词或介词的宾语，即动宾&介宾 ，常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定式或动名词）、代词和数词充当
Show your passport, please. 名词 She didn't say anything. 代词 How many do you want? - I want two. 数词 I enjoy traveling. 动名词 He pretended not to see me. 不定式 They sent the injured to hospital. 名词化的形容词 I think（that）he is fit for this job. 句子（宾语从句）
宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物或事,间接宾语指人或动物.（双宾语结构） He gave me some books. Please pass me the book. He bought his girlfriend some flowers.
4. 宾语补足语
有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整（宾语的复合结构）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。常用的接宾语的复合结构的及物动词有 ： get, let , see, call, find, have, make, cause, consider 例句
I found the book interesting. 形容词 Do you smell something burning? 现在分词 He have the bike repaired. 过去分词
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5. 表语：在系动词后的部分就是表语;表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态 。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 常见的系动词有: be (am,is,are,were,was)
感官： look, smell, taste, sound, feel 变化： go, get, grow, come, turn,become 持续：stay, keep, remain, 状态：seem, prove , appear等
表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充当。
Our teacher of English is an American. 名词 The weather has turned cold.形容词 The speech is exciting. 现在分词 His job is to teach English. 不定式 His hobby is playing football. 现在分词短语 The machine must be out of order. 介短 Time is up. The class is over. 副词
The truth is that he has never been abroad. 句子（表从）
6.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句。定语可由形容词、名词、数词、现在分词、过去分词等充当。
He is a clever boy. His father works in a steel factory.名词 There are 54 students in our class. Do you know Betty’s sister?名词所有格 There is a sleeping baby in bed. 现在分词 His spoken English is good.过去分词
定语后置： 如果定语是由一个单词表示时，通常要前置（有特殊情况，如复合不定代词，单个单词做定语要后置，eg. something important）。 而由一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置。
The girl in red is his sister. 介短 We have much work to do.不定式 The girl standing under the tree is his daughter. 现在分词短语 Do you know the man who spoke just now?定从
7. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明 动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。 可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He works harder to improve his English.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词） When he got home, he felt tired and hungry.（状语从句） 状语有如下10种：
1) How about meeting again at six? 时间
2) Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. 原因 3) I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. 条件 4) Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 地点
5) She put the eggs into the basket with great care. 方式 6) She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 伴随
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7)In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.目的 8) He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately 结果. 9) She works very hard though she is old. 让步 10) I am taller than he is. 比较
8.同位语
位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况
We young people should respect the old. He himself will do the experiment. He is the oldest among them four. He told me the news that our team won the game.
二、句子分类： 句子种类两种分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 2、按句子的结构可分三种：
1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 . He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
三．简单句的五种基本结构
1．Ｓ Ｖ (主＋谓) 2．Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ (主＋系＋表)
3. Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ (主＋谓＋宾) 4. Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ (主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾) 5. Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ (主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)
（1）Ｓ│Ｖ(不及物动词)
1. The sun│rose. 2. What he said │does not matter. 3. They │talked for half an hour. 4. The pen │writes smoothly. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点, 即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 翻译练习：
1.你应当努力学习。 2.她昨天回家很晚。
3.那天早上我们谈了很多。 4.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 Keys:
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1. You should study hard. 2. She went home very late yesterday evening/last night. 3. That morning we talked a great deal/a lot.
4. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. （2）主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语(S+Vt+O)
1. He │has refused│to help them. 2. He│enjoys│reading.
3. He│said│“Good morning.” 4. He│admits│that he was mistaken.
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义, 都是主语产生的动作, 但不能表达完整的意思, 必须跟有一个宾语, 即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 翻译练习：
1. 昨晚我写了一封信。 2. 今天下午我想同你谈谈。
3. 这本书他读过多次了。 4. 你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 Keys:
1. I wrote a letter last night. 2. I want to talk with you this afternoon.
3. He has read this book many times. 4. You must finish reading these books in two weeks.
(3) 主语+ 谓语+ 间接宾语+直接宾语(S+Vt+IO+DO)
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语, . give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语); 一个指物(直接宾语)。
│brought│you│a dictionary. 2. I│showed│him│my pictures.
3. I│told│him│that the bus was late. 4. He│taught│me│how to run the machine. 翻译练习：
1. Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？ Keys:
1. Mr Johnson taught us German last year. 2. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 3. Would you please pass me the dictionary?
(4) 主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P)
│is│an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner│smells│good.
3. Everything│looks│different. 4. Our well│has gone│dry. 5. His face│turned│red. 翻译练习：
1. 布朗夫人看起来很健康。 2.十五岁他就成为有名的作家了。 3. 树叶已经变黄了。 4. 这个报告听起来很有意思 Keys:
1. Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 2. At the age of fifteen he became a famous writer. 3. The leaves have turned yellow. 4. The report sounds interesting
(5) 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补(S+Vt+O+OC)
此句型的句子的共同特点是: 动词虽然是及物动词, 但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语, 才能使意思完整。
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1. They│painted│the door│green. 2. This│set│them │thinking.
3. They│found│the house│deserted. 4. He│asked│me│to come back soon. 5. I │saw│them│getting on the bus. 翻译练习：
1.我们叫她Alice. 2.他的父母给他取名为John. 3.我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 Keys:
1. We call her Alice. 2. His parents named him John. 3. All of us considered him honest. 分析下列句子成分
1. Our school is not far from my home. 1. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
3. All of us considered him honest. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语
4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 主语＋动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 5. He broke a piece of glass. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语
7. ---I love you more than her，child. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 8. Tees turn green when spring comes. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 9. They pushed the door open. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语
10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 12. All the students think highly of his teaching 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 13. We need a place twice larger than this one. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 14. He asked us to sing an English song. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 15. Don't get nervous主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
16. We will make our school more beautiful. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 17. That is why he didn't know．主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
18. She showed us her many of her pictures. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 19. There are so many people in the hall 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
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